Abstract: General Secretary Xi Jinping's important remarks on new-quality productivity have brought about a major innovation to the Marxist theory of productivity, propelling the theoretical research and development practice of new-quality productivity into a new phase. The development of new-quality productivity aligns with the theoretical logic of Marxism, conforms to the historical logic of the strategy of rejuvenating the nation through science and education, and showcases the practical logic of Chinese-style modernization. However, there are still realistic dilemmas. For instance, the development direction remains to be gradually clarified, the practical mechanism urgently needs to be thoroughly sorted out, and the historical initiative has yet to be fully unleashed. Upholding the fundamental direction, anchoring the development path, and activating the subjective impetus are the practical approaches for developing new-quality productivity in the new era.